Reflow

An Obsidian plugin that converts a PDF into clean, readable Markdown — and exports it to EPUB for e-readers — entirely on your device. Figures, tables, and math survive. Nothing uploads.

Right-click a PDF in your vault → Convert to Markdown. A vision model runs locally on your GPU and gathers the whole paper into one folder, named with the document's own title:

Attention Is All You Need/
  Attention Is All You Need.md   # frontmatter, headings, tables, $LaTeX$ math, figure links
  images/                        # extracted figures, and a crop of each display equation
  meta.json                      # engine, timings, warnings
  1706.03762v7.pdf               # the source, moved in under its own name

So the vault reads as a shelf of papers rather than a list of accession numbers, and one paper is one thing to open, move or delete. The PDF keeps the name it arrived with — often the only place its identifier survives. Turn off Name folders by document title to get the previous layout instead: named from the PDF's filename, with the PDF left where it was.

The note sits inside its folder, which is the folder note convention: the Quick Switcher (Cmd+O) opens it by title from anywhere, and conversion opens it for you when it finishes. If you browse by folder and want the folder itself to open the note in one click, the Folder Notes community plugin does exactly that. Why it is arranged this way, and what the alternatives cost.

Right-click any note → Export to EPUB for a .epub you can read on a Kindle or other e-reader, with the figures embedded and the equations as images of the original. Conversion can write one automatically too — see Formulas for why equations are handled that way.

No API key, no account, no page limit, and the document never leaves your machine to be converted. A two-column paper becomes one reflowable column in your own typography — which is the point of the name.

Using it

• Convert to Markdown in a PDF's right-click menu, or the Convert active PDF to Markdown command.
• Export to EPUB in any note's right-click menu, or the Export active note to EPUB command. Takes well under a second — it reads the package, not the PDF, so it works on notes converted long ago.
• Send to Kindle (macOS) in the same menu: exports the EPUB if there isn't a current one, then hands it to Amazon's Send to Kindle app. It stops at Amazon's confirmation window — that click is the only thing in this plugin that sends your document off the machine, and it belongs in Amazon's own UI where the destination account is visible.
• A progress dialog shows the page, live token count, elapsed time and estimate. Close it to keep reading — conversion carries on and moves to the status bar.
• Multiple conversions can run at the same time with separate progress in the status bar.
• Settings: whether to name folders by document title (on by default), output folder, page limit, per-page time limit, compute backend, whether to convert on a background thread, and whether to also write an EPUB on every conversion (off by default).

Desktop only, and a WebGPU-capable machine is strongly preferred: without one the plugin falls back to the CPU, says so in red, and takes minutes per page. The first conversion downloads about 1 GB of model weights from Hugging Face and caches them — that and two pinned CDN assets are the only network use, itemised in plugin/README.md.

Note: Windows and Linux are untested.

Formulas

Equations take two routes into the Markdown, and only one is structured. Display equations come from a tagged <formula> block and are wrapped in $$…$$; inline maths is never tagged — the model writes $…$ inside a paragraph's text, so h$_{t}$ just passes through. In Obsidian both simply render: Obsidian bundles MathJax and draws $$…$$ and $…$ natively. The plugin ships no maths renderer.

The EPUB cannot rely on that. Kindle renders neither LaTeX nor MathML, and in testing it accepted inline SVG and then silently discarded it — a book that validates cleanly with the equations missing. So conversion crops each display equation straight out of the rendered page, exactly as it already does for figures, and the EPUB uses those crops. Nothing about the Markdown changes.

That turned out to be both cheaper and more faithful than re-rendering the LaTeX. Cheaper: bundling MathJax would have added ~662 KB gzipped, roughly 45% to the plugin, and the crops came out 4.5× smaller than rendered equation images. More faithful: the crop is the page, whereas a renderer can only be as good as the model's transcription — which is sometimes truncated.

The cost of that choice lands on notes with no crops — hand-written ones, or packages converted before this existed. They still export, and sub/superscripts still render, but a display equation has nothing to draw: it becomes a labelled "Formula could not be rendered" block that keeps the LaTeX source, so the reader knows it is a limit of the export rather than a broken document.

Truncated formulas are detected and offered back to you. The repair pass balances braces so MathJax renders something, which means a formula the model cut off short renders cleanly and looks correct — equation (1) of the Transformer paper loses its closing paren, its V and its equation number, silently. When the conversion spots one, the note gets a collapsed callout under the equation:

[!warning]- This formula may be incomplete — show the original from the PDF

Click it and the original from the PDF appears. The count also joins the conversion-warnings banner at the top of the note. Full detail in plugin/README.md; the measurements are in docs/spike-epub.md.

Thesis

Markdown is the native format AI consumes and generates, and it is quietly becoming the best reading format humans own: reflowable, themeable, searchable, yours. Meanwhile the science of PDF → structured text is largely solved in open source (Docling, Marker, MinerU, Granite-Docling) — but it is packaged for developers, not humans.

The product: a converter good enough that someone who read the PDF would rather read the Markdown.

Two benefits fall out:

1. Normalization. Every paper — regardless of journal, era, or layout idiosyncrasy — becomes the same clean, reflowable reading surface in your typography and theme. Headings become a real outline/TOC. Figures sit inline. Math renders (Obsidian renders LaTeX natively).
2. Ownership + privacy. The document never leaves your machine to be converted. Confidential docs (legal, medical, unpublished work) stay confidential.

The open niche

PDF → Markdown is crowded — but every existing option gives up one of effortless, complete (figures + LaTeX + tables), or local:

Architecture (target)

PDF ─┬─ fast tier: text-layer extract + layout heuristics (clean PDFs)
     └─ accurate tier: layout + table + OCR + formula models
              │
              ▼
   Structured document IR (JSON: typed blocks, provenance page/bbox,
   formula nodes carry LaTeX payloads)
              │
              ▼
 ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
 │ Markdown package — canonical, and the only thing  │      any other
 │ downstream ever reads                             │ ◀──  Obsidian note
 │   <stem>.md   headings, tables, $LaTeX$ math      │      (no package:
 │   images/     figures + a crop of each equation   │       math stays
 │   meta.json   which crop belongs to which formula │       LaTeX source)
 └───────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
              │
   ┌──────────┴───────────┐
   ▼                      ▼
 EPUB                one-pager (later)
 (equations as the
  page crops)

The IR is where the provenance lives, but nothing downstream sees it: conversion materializes the bboxes into images/ + meta.json, and the exporter reads only the package. engine-js/src/epub.ts has no imports at all — hand it a note's text and a way to read its images and it produces a book, which is why Export to EPUB works on any note in the vault, not just a converted one.

• Engine, target (primary): a portable TypeScript + ONNX core in engine-js/ — a single compact VLM (granite-docling-258M, official ONNX export, Apache-2.0) running under transformers.js. Full page image → DocTags → Markdown, entirely in JS: no Python, no sidecar binary. The same core embeds in a Node CLI, an Obsidian desktop plugin, a browser extension, and eventually mobile — only device/dtype change. Rationale and route comparison: docs/perf-and-portability.md.
• Engine, bootstrap (reference oracle): Python Docling (MIT) — the fast path that answered is the quality there? and froze the artifact contract + fixture suite. Retained as the modular fallback and a numeric cross-check for the VLM (it copies table cells from the PDF text layer; the VLM can invent them). Not on the shipping path.
• Math policy: LaTeX-first ($...$) in the Markdown — Obsidian renders it natively, so the plugin ships no maths renderer. The EPUB cannot rely on that (Kindle drops MathML and silently discards SVG), so display equations export as the crop taken from the page during conversion and sub/superscripts become <sup>/<sub>. A note with no crops still exports, but its display equations do not render: each becomes a labelled "Formula could not be rendered" block keeping the LaTeX source. See Formulas.
• Never silently wrong (VLM hedge): VLM-emitted numeric table cells are reconciled against the pdf.js text layer; the fixture numeric-fidelity checks are the arbiter before any quantized build becomes default.